複数感覚 Multisensory
P1-2-120 異なる感覚モダリティーにおける方向情報の神経表現 Neural representation of directional information in different sensory modalities ○染谷真琴1, 小川宏人1 ○Makoto Someya1, Hiroto Ogawa1 北海道大・理・生物1 Biosystem Sci, Grad Sch Life Sci, Hokkaido Univ, Hokkaido, Japan1 Neural representation and processing of directional information has been investigated in various sensory systems such as orientation preference in visual system of mammals and sound localization of owls. However, there are few studies focusing on neural representation of directional information between different sensory modalities. In this research, we used crickets to compare the directional representation in auditory and wind-sensitive system. Cricket has distinct sensory organs, one of which is a cercal system to detect the direct airflow, and the other is tympanal organ to hear male 'song'. In the cercal system, projection neurons identified as giant interneurons (GIs) receive synaptic inputs from mechanosensory afferents, and convey the processed information to thoracic and cephalic ganglia. Also in auditory system, sensory information of sound are processed by neural circuit within the prothoracic ganglia, and conveyed to the brain by some identified projection neurons. Although the ascending pathways conveying airflow and auditory information are well described at cellular level, neural activities as cell assemblies remain poorly understood. To clarify how and which neurons convey the directional information in these modalities, we recorded ascending spikes evoked by sound and wind stimuli, and statistically predicted the cell group of projection neurons encoding the stimulus directions. The wind direction was predicted by cell assembly consisting of fixed 14 neurons with 70 % accuracy at 125-ms after the stimulus onset. On the other hand, larger number of ascending neurons was required for decoding the direction of the sound source, and the maximal accuracy was 40-50 % at 50-ms after the stimulus onset. These differences suggest that the cercal system is adapted to detect the precise location of the stimulus source, and that the auditory system is suitable for perception of the stimulus orientation to approach other individuals.	P1-2-121 視床網様核における視覚入力と聴覚入力の多様な干渉：異種感覚間で生じる注意の相互制御と知覚の相互修飾のための神経基盤 Diverse cross-modal interactions between visual and auditory inputs in thalamic reticular nucleus: a neural basis for cross-modal switching of attention and modulation of perception ○木村晃久1, 堂西倫弘1, 井辺弘樹1, 金桶吉起1 ○Akihisa Kimura1, Tomohiro Donishi1, Hiroki Imbe1, Yoshiki Kaneoke1 和歌山県立医科大学医学部生理学第一1 Department of Physiology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan1 The thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) serves gain and/or gate control of sensory inputs processed in the loop connections between the cortex and thalamus. The TRN may play a pivotal role in regulating cross- as well as intra-modal sensory processing. Previously, we reported preliminary data of cross-modal interaction between visual and auditory inputs in the TRN. In the present study we have extended experiments and summarized the features of cross-modal interaction observed in the sizable number of cells sampled by juxta-cellular recording and labeling techniques. Experiments were performed on anesthetized rats. Light (white LED), sound (noise burst) stimulation alone and combined stimulation were randomly given. Recordings were obtained from 138 cells that included 54 visual cells responsive only to light, 73 auditory cells responsive only to sound, 4 bi-modal cells, 5 cells responsive only to combined stimulation and 2 cells of which spontaneous activity was suppressed by sound. Visual or auditory response (unit discharges) was modulated by sound or light, which did not elicit unit discharges, i.e., sub-threshold auditory or visual input, in the majority of recordings (47 visual and 65 auditory cells). Cells showing cross-modal interaction were distributed in the whole extent of the TRN and sent axonal projections to first or higher order thalamic nuclei. The modulation of response intensity was bi-directional (facilitation or suppression), but it was biased towards suppression. Notably, modulation took place in recurrent activation (non-primary response) subsequent to either the presence or absence of modulation in the primary response. Further cross-modal interaction modulated not only response intensity but also response latency and burst spiking. On the basis of these diverse cross-modal sensory interactions, the TRN is thought to serve very dynamic gain and/or gate control of sensory inputs for cross-modal switching of attention and modulation of perception.
P1-2-122 マーモセット聴覚野ラテラルベルト神経細胞の音声に対する位置表現は顔動画の偏向視覚入力により修飾される Spatial tuning for voice location is altered with spatially deviated visual input of facial movie stimulus in the lateral belt regions of marmoset auditory cortex ○宮川尚久1, 坂野拓1, 鈴木航1, 一戸紀孝1 ○Naohisa Miyakawa1, Taku Banno1, Wataru Suzuki1, Noritaka Ichinohe1 国立精神神経センター・神経研・微細構造1 Dept Ultrastructural Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center for Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan1 Our perception of sound (e.g. voice) position is shifted toward an accompanying visual stimulus (e.g. face). For example, a ventriloquist can make us believe that his voice comes from his puppet, not from him, by handling the puppet while minimizing his own lip movement. However, the neural mechanisms of this shift of spatial perception are still an open question. The caudal lateral belt area (CL) is a subregion in the primate auditory association cortex that contains neurons tuned to spatial location of sound, and is suggested to be part of the "where pathway of sound". CL is also known to receive visual inputs and audiovisual integration with sounds were reported previously. In order to evaluate whether spatial tuning of sound in CL neurons can shift by deviated visual input, we recorded neural activities in anesthetized marmoset lateral belt region, which correspond to putative CL and the adjacent medial lateral belt area (ML) while presenting spatially parameterized auditory and visual stimuli. Recorded marmoset voice was delivered to the animal through one of seven speakers in front the animal aligned in arc with 20 degree-interval, and the spatial tuning curve for voice location was computed. Movie stimulus was displayed on a monitor in front of the animal at one of 2 positions with 15 degrees lateral shift from the paralyzed gaze center. We found that spatial tuning of some CL and ML neurons to the voice stimuli were altered with visual stimuli. In population, auditory tuning curve of CL neurons tended to shifted away its peak from the simultaneously presented visual stimulus locations. On the other hand, ML neuron tuning peaks tended to shift toward the visual stimuli. Because the former type of neuronal tuning shift can better account for the perceptual shift of sound location toward the accompanying visual stimulus, our result suggests that CL could be the neural basis for combining auditory and visual spatial information that influence our perception.	P1-2-123 遅延視覚フィードバックによる力覚バイアスは衝突映像により軽減される Force sensation biased by delayed visual feedback is reduced by an image of a colliding object ○高椋慎也1,2, 五味裕章1,2 ○Shinya Takamuku1,2, Hiroaki Gomi1,2 NTT CS基礎研1, JST-CREST2 NTT Comm Sci Labs, Atsugi1, JST-CREST, Kawaguchi2 Reaching movements with delayed visual feedback are often experienced with a resistive sensation on our arm. We have previously reported that this peculiar sensation correlates with the acceleration of the delayed cursor toward the moving direction of the controlling hand. The finding suggests that the brain processes the delayed cursor as a mechanical load connected to our hand by a spring and a damper, and the sensation corresponds to the illusory force applied to our hand by the virtual system. We actually observed that delayed visual feedback increases the sensation of force resisting to our hand movement. Here, we report another phenomenon in which the bias on force perception by the delayed feedback is reduced by an image of an object hitting the cursor toward the moving direction before its onset. The phenomenon was observed using a setup with a haptic device and a horizontal display, and the effect of the object motion parameters such as timing and velocity on force perception was measured using a two-alternative forced choice method. Even though the subjects were instructed to answer the force actually applied to their occluded hand, we observed a significant effect of the object motion. One account for the phenomenon is that the sudden visual motion of the object directly distorted the sensory process for the delayed cursor or the force stimuli. This seems to be partially true because object motion without collision reduced the perceived force to some extent. However, we also observed that the reduction was larger when the movement of the object matched the movement of the cursor to represent the collision event. The result suggests an alternative account that the acceleration of the cursor was partly attributed to the collision itself, and the force required to pull the cursor was estimated to be smaller than the case without it. In short, we consider the possibility that force perception depends on causality attribution.
P1-2-124 感覚連合依存的な視覚野抑圧におけるプロトカドヘリン多様性の役割 Multiplicity of protocadherins required for cross-modal plasticity in the primary visual cortex of mice ○吉武講平1,3, 塚野浩明1, 任海学1, 菱田竜一1, 八木健2,3, 澁木克栄1,3 ○Kohei Yoshitake1,3, Hiroaki Tsukano1, Manavu Tohmi1, Ryuichi Hishida1, Takeshi Yagi2,3, Katsuei Shibuki1,3 新潟大・脳研・システム脳生理学1, 阪大院・生命機能・心生物2 Dept Neurophysiol, Brain Res Inst, Niigata Univ, Niigata1, KOKORO-Biology Group, Grad. Sch. of Frontier Biosci, Osaka Univ2, JST,CREST3 We have previously reported that cortical depression and map shifts were induced in the primary visual cortex (V1) of young mice that had worn a monocular prism goggle. This prism-induced depression was not observed in mice with trimmed whiskers, and some depression was found in mice with curled whiskers, indicating that cross-modal spatial mismatches between whisker and visual inputs induced the depression. Lesioning in the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) eliminated the prism-induced depression but not ocular dominance plasticity after monocular deprivation, suggesting that cross-modal spatial mismatches between whisker and visual inputs may be detected in PPC. To confirm this possibility directly, we investigated neuronal activities in PPC using flavoprotein fluorescence imaging. Visual stimulation alone or whisker stimulation alone hardly activated PPC in anesthetized mice. However, anti-phase combination of moving grating patterns with anterior-posterior direction and whisker stimulation with the opposite direction produced clear activity in PPC. In contrast, in-phase combination of grating patterns and whisker stimulation failed to produce any clear activity in PPC. Clustered protocadherins (cPcdhs) are neuron-specific cell adhesion molecules with multiple forms. cPcdh-α has 12 clusters (α1-α12), while, in cPcdh-α1,12 mice, cPcdh-α clusters between α2 and α11 are missing so that the multiplicity of cPcdh-α molecules is largely reduced. cPcdh-α1, 12 mice exhibited no apparent abnormality, and orientation selectivity of V1 neurons, investigated using 2-photon calcium imaging, was normal compared with that in wild-type mice. However, both of the prism-induced depression in V1 and the PPC activity induced by the anti-phase combination of visual and whisker stimulation were absent in cPcdh-α1, 12 mice. These results strongly suggest that the multiplicity of cPcdh molecules has an essential role for the cross-modal plasticity in V1 and PPC functions.	P1-2-125 バーチャル空間で自由行動中のマウスの移動速度と海馬脳波の関係 Relationship between locomotion speed and hippocampal theta EEG of mice freely behaving in a virtual environment ○片山統裕1, 日高慶太1, 新谷俊夫1, 辛島彰洋1, 中尾光之1 ○Norihiro Katayama1, Keita Hidaka1, Toshio Araya1, Akihiro Karashima1, Mitsuyuki Nakao1 東北大学1 Grad Schl Info Sci, Tohoku Univ, Japan1 When a rodent is locomoting, local field potential oscillation at 6-12 Hz is observed in the hippocampus (hippocampal theta activity.) The hippocampal theta activity is known to play important roles in spatial recognition and navigation. There are many studies reporting that the hippocampal theta activity is correlated with the locomotion speed of the animal. In addition, the hippocampal theta activity is modulated by several sensory systems such as vestibular, visual and somatosensory systems. However contribution of these sensations on the temporal correlation between the hippocampal theta and locomotion activities has not been well understood. In this study, we investigated the relationship between the locomotion speed and the hippocampal theta activity of mice freely behaving in a virtual environment. In the experimental setup, a mouse was located on a spherical treadmill under head-restrained condition to monitor its locomotion activity. An immersive visual display provided almost complete field of view of the mouse in the virtual environment. The field of view was updated in real-time according to the movement of the sphere of the treadmill. The virtual world was an infinite extent floor. The mouse was able to locomote freely on the floor. It was confirmed that 6-9 Hz oscillatory EEG activity was observed in the hippocampus during locomotion. In contrast during staying immobile, a wide-band largely fluctuating EEG was observed. It was found that the frequency of the theta activity was strongly correlated with the locomotion speed. Since the mouse was under head-restrained condition in the setup, the vestibular system would not be stimulated during virtual locomotion. Thus these results suggest that the vestibular sensation was not essential for instantaneous correlation between hippocampal theta activity and locomotion speed of the animal.
P1-2-126 行為者の手の遅延視覚フィードバックは遅延外界イベントに対する行為統制感を向上させる Sense of control for delayed external events is enhanced by delayed visual feedback of agent's hand ○河邉隆寛1 ○Takahiro Kawabe1 NTTコミュニケーション科学基礎研究所1 Human Information Science Laboratory, NTT Communication Science Laboratories, Atsugi, Japan1 Sense of control refers to the experience that agents control external events through their action. The sense of control decreases when a delay is inserted between an agent's action and its outcome. Agents feel the sense of agency for the delayed feedback of their action even when the small magnitude of delay (i.e. less than 400 ms) between their action and the feedback is inserted. The latter fact implies a possibility that the temporal range for agents to feel self-agency for action can be expanded with the delayed feedback of their action. Here we demonstrate that sense of control for delayed auditory events increases by presenting visual feedbacks with the small amount of delay. The participants were asked to rate the extent to which they controlled the onset of a brief pure tone. In addition to the amount of delay between the participants' action and the tone onset, the amount of delay between their action and its visual feedback was systematically modulated. We found that in comparison with the case wherein no delay was given to visual feedback, the sense of control increased when the delay of visual feedback was 400 ms. The results indicate that sense of agency for external events can be determined by integrating action-related and event-related sensory information.

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